Newell Company Case Essay

Newell Company created corporate advantages by following the company’s mission and philosophy. The philosophy â€Å"Build on what we do best† was started by CEO Mr. Dan Ferguson. This philosophy can be described as Newell focus on selling multiproduct to large mass retailers with high-volume and low-cost. Their mission is â€Å"Newell is a manufacturer and full-service marketer of consumer products for serving the needs of volume purchasers.† The company’s philosophy and mission has a great influence on its strategies. Newell creates various strategies to accomplish the company mission. For example, one of Newell’s key strategies is serving the mass retailer. The strategy of acquisition helps to improve manufacturing processes in order to get high-volume and low cost product. Newell’s strategies align with its philosophy and mission. It can create corporate advantages in the industry. Moreover, the basic strategy of total Newell strategy is t hat â€Å"merchandise a multi-product offering of brand-name staple consumers products, with an emphasis on excellent customers service, in order to achieve maximum results for our stockholders†. The acquisition Rubbermaid and Calphalon enhanced Newell’s strength in terms of merchandise multiproduct offering and rise Newell’s brand popularity. However, with negative feedback of Rubbermaid’s customers, Rubbermaid’s strategy of customer services could not alignment with Newell’s mission and basic strategy that lead to a negative influence on shareholder satisfactions. Even though Calphalon’s competitor Meyer have the lower price than Calphalon, Caphalon is for the younger and more fashion oriented market which is not efficient to use the low cost strategy for the high-end product, because Newell maybe unable to match the cost structure of the firm operating with less overhead and fewer product lines. According to the Newell acquision experience, Newell’s strategy is to acquire and integrate business which is nonfashion product, to acquire the company for the fashion ortiented market is Acquisition Newell’s strategy was to grow and expand their product line. In our opinion, the company is focused on more acquisition strategy than organic growth which represents the true growth for the core of the company. This excludes any growth acquired from takeovers, acquisitions or mergers. Newell acquired different companies in the basics home and hardware products since 1996 (exhibit 3). According to Mergers and Acquisition article, acquisition benefits the company by increasing Company’s value and market power. Two companies together will generate synergy that improves revenue and cost saving of the company. Furthermore, acquisition can create shareholder value as well because two companies together are more valuable than two separate companies. Newell and acquiring companies benefit in many ways from the acquisition. such as, development capabilities. The acquisitions allow Newell to add more products to its products line. It creates complement capabilities which two different abilities of the companies which fit well together. As the result, Newell is able to offer differentiated products of the same category to suit different customers. Moreover, in transferring its technologies to the acquiring companies, Newell has a technology advance such as EDI. The company is able to deliver products according to retailer’s request, making it more efficient, and improving its reputation as a â€Å"Good Shipper†. After acquisition, Newell transfers its technology to acquiring companies in order to deliver the products in an efficient way. Acquiring companies learn new technologies from Newell and they both are able to develop the innovation process. The company put acquiring companies through a process of streamline as known as â€Å"Newellization†. Growth through acquisition is very profitable to Newell’s corpor ate strategy. Corporate governance Corporate governance is about managing company and defined as the distribution of power in the company. Corporate governance is the system of rules, practices and process by which a company is directed and controlled. Newell corporate structure is made to maintain the flexibility in relations between corporate centers. The corporate office control and coordinate different aspects of a huge corporation working together. For example, the top financial responsibilities were divided between two corporate executives  who respectively take charge of the internal operation and external management. The benefit of company is to make sure the integration for the financial. Normally, there is just one person who takes on the financial responsibility of the company which can lead to accounting fraud. At the same time, the two positions have responsibility to report to the CEO which enhances the supervision to the company’s financial situation. In Newell’s company structure, the group president is one level below the company president. This structure benefits Newell because it centralizes subsidiaries and their operations. This centralization structure forms a unique manage method known as â€Å"Newellization†. Newellization: Newellizaiton is the process of streamlining focused on operational efficiency and profitability. Newell got the opportunity to gain market share through the distribution channel from subsidiaries. Acquisition of Corning’s housewares business in Europe, which is alignment with part of the company’s vision of globalization, effectively helped Newell to expand its distribution channels to gain greater the market share in the global market. According to the case article of â€Å"Newell Company†, there are three categories systems to implement Newellization. The first is the integrated financial system, the second is the sales and order processing system, the third is flexible manufacturing system. Normally, Newell acquired subsidiaries to get more opportunities to gain greater access to distribution channels even though subsidiaries possess low-technology, non-seasonal, non-cyclical, and non-fashion products. Newellization was effectively integrated these companies by implementing systems to make the companies more efficiency and profitability. For example, the successful acquisition implement with Newellization is Anchor Hocking Company. Even though sales revenue of Newell was lower than Anchor Hocking’s sales revenue, but profit margin of Newell was higher than Anchor Hocking. Newellization improved the operational efficiency to manage the cost which is efficiency capability to the company. Newell dismissed the high-level Anchor executive, employees, reduced the number of the retail stores, reduced the excess inventory and eliminated the product line. Also, the improved operational efficiency help Anchor Hocking reduced the average length of time needed to fill a customer order which is benefit to increase  the competitive advantage of Anchor Hocking. For Rubbermaid, the Newellization can help the company to deal with the problem on the inefficiency of operation and management. Financial Objectives: In the financial perspective, the first of financial objectives of Newell Company is achieved sales and earnings per share growth averaging 15% per year. However, most of companies were acquired by Newell company are regarded as inefficient on operating. Those acquired companies are manufactured low-technology, non-seasonal, non-seasonal, non-cyclical, non-fashionable products, which have more higher maintains cost in every individual company. Therefore, most of companies have high sales revenue but with high cost that resulting in the less 10% operating margins. After Newell Company made an acquisition, with the consolidation and centralization management, not only bring more profit for Newell Company but also saving more operation cost Also, it is the reason why Newellization is regarded as an efficient operating method by acquisition multiple products. Therefore, the ultimate target is to achieve maximum earning per share (EPS) for Stockholders. Newellization bring a remarkable success for Newell Company, however, with the aggressive of Newellization, the negative business influence show up, such as, in the Exhibit 4, the newell company net sales decrease from 1992 to 1997. According to the article of â€Å"navigating a path to smart Growth†, there are two limits can restrict growth in order to gain maximum growth of company, including financial limits and managerial limits. According to course material of â€Å"merger and acquisition†, the benefit of acquisition for Newell Company is to gather other multiple product strength to increase profit. In details, Newell company can adjust acquainted company’s mislead cost structures in order to make all acquisition consistently with Newell efficient and effective management model. For Newell, Calphalon has a good brand which is benefit for Newell to expand their distribution channel. However, Rubbermaid has the bad reputation on the customer service which will influence the reputation of the â€Å"no problem† supplier in the industry. At the same time, Putting both Calphalon and Rubbermaid under the same roof of Newell is a great risk for integrate the two companies, because it will be hard for Newell to impletment the Newellization which is the mature and experienced method to  integrate the new company they acquired. Resources and Capability One of Newell crucial resources is collecting multiproduct from various industries including hardware, house ware, home furnishings, and office product. In addition, one of Newell’s capabilities comes from the acquisition of other companies. There are example is Newell reward system in 1990; Newell changed its bonus’s structure by adding a bonus for internal growth on the top of existing return on assets (ROA) goals which facilitated Newell is ability it’s to increase their accountability capability. The reason why Newell implemented the bonus structure is that new reward system more related to the performance of the company. The Newell University plays an important role for the company by helping which is benefit for the company to increase the strategic unity capability, learning capability and the leadership capability through training the Newell’s mangers to understanding corporate cultural, focus on core product and profit-orientation. At the same tim e, most of the mid-level executives from other customer goods companies would take the particular management traits before they were accepted by Newell which also build the good foundation for the leadership capacity. Meanwhile, to leverage the resource, Newell deliberately moves managers across the business unites and from the business to the corporate level. This special character for Newell is benefit for the company to increase the efficiency of the resource by the collaboration capacity. Also, McDonough maintained the communication with their major customers to build the relationship which represent Newell’s strong customer connectivity capacity. According to the competitor for Calphalon of Meyer, Calphalon has the better customer service which is their competitive advantage. Meanwhile, after the acquisition, Newell can share the customer connectivity capability with Calphalon which enhance the Newell’s competitive advantage. For Newell to acquire Rubbermaid which has good brand equity, and the product innovation capabilityis benefit for adding the different kind of resource for Newell. Even though Rubbermaid have the innovation capabilitywhich is benefit for the Newell Company, the Rubbermaid products are more technologic than Newell products. This acquision might bring Newell high cost on the research and development. Conclusion Calphalon and Rubbermaid acquisition just partially align with corporate strategies. Newell’s mission is a core purpose of the company that influences to create resources, businesses and organization structure. Many acquisitions fit to corporate strategies enlarge and diversify range of products, but still focus on their core product that low technology, non-seasonal, non-cyclical, non-fashion products. Newellization has a profound influence on Newell growth in terms of managerial, operational, and financial effect, which gathers more capitals from shareholders. Recommendation: 1. To balance between â€Å"Newellization† and protecting the integrity of the Calphalon 2. Use the customer connectivity capabilityto create the good reputation for customer service of Rubbermaid 3. Use part of the Newellization to help Runnermaid to solve the problem of the inefficiency of operation and management 4. Organic growth instead of focuing on the expaning by acquision.

Adverb Clause

What do you know about adverbial clause? Adverb clause is a dependent clauses that consists of subject and verd as a unit which takes the place of an adverb in another clauses or pharses. It answers questions such as â€Å"when? †, â€Å"where? †, â€Å"why? †, â€Å"with whwt result? †, and â€Å"under what condition? †. It oftenly modifies verb in the sentences. 2. Mention the kinds of adverb clause! There are some kinds of adverb clause, they are: kind of clausecommon conjunctionsFunctionExample ime clauseswhen, before, after, since, while, as, as long as, until,till, etc. (conjunctions that answer the question â€Å"when? â€Å"); hardly, scarcely, no sooner, etc. These clauses are used to say when something happens by referring to a period of time or to another event. Her goldfish died when she was young. conditional clausesif, unless, lestThese clauses are used to talk about a possible or counterfactual situation and its consequences. If the y lose weight during an illness, they soon regain it afterwards. urpose clausesin order to, so that, in order thatThese clauses are used to indicate the purpose of an action.They had to take some of his land so that they could extend the churchyard. reason clausesbecause, since, as, givenThese clauses are used to indicate the reason for something. I couldn't feel anger against him because I liked him too much. result clausesso†¦ thatThese clauses are used to indicate the result of something. My suitcase had become so damaged on the journey home that the lid would not stay closed. oncessive clausesalthough, though, whileThese clauses are used to make two statements, one of which contrasts with the other or makes it seem surprising. I used to read a lot although I don't get much time for books now. place clauseswhere, wherever, anywhere, everywhere, etc. (conjunctions that answer the question â€Å"where? â€Å")These clauses are used to talk about the location or position of s omething. He said he was happy where he was. clauses of manneras, like, the wayThese clauses are used to talk about someone's behaviour or the way something is done.I was never allowed to do things as I wanted to do them. Table 1. adopted from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Adverbial_clause 3. Example of adverb clause a. The government of resource-poor Japan and the utility companies contend nuclear reactors must come back online after thorough safety checks to avoid possible rolling blackouts this summer and excessive reliance on imports of liquid natural gas, coal and other expensive fuels for conventional power plants. The underlined above is adverb clause of time. It modifies the verb come back. . Tokyo housewife Setsuko Naoe says she felt compelled to join the protests because officials have not learned any lessons from the Fukushima meltdowns. The underlined above is adverb clause of reason, it modifies felt compelled to join the protests. c. Asakawa says since the 1960s, Japa n has not seen such large street demonstrations, which also took place in the same location. But these rallies are different he points out – as they are not composed of radical, young people but are rather part of a diverse grassroots movement.The underlined above is adverb clause of time, it modifies has not seen’ d. Japan may be forced to halt all state spending including salaries, pensions and unemployment benefits, because of a standoff in parliament that has blocked a bill to finance the deficit. The underlined above is adverb clause of reason. It modifies the verb may be forced. e. â€Å"The giant pandas are messengers of friendship,† he said. â€Å"We hope that people-to-people sentiment and overall relations between China and Japan can be promoted because of the birth of the cub. † The underlined above is adverb clause of reason.It modifies can be promoted. f. Victoria only learned the truth when she became an adult. The underlined above is an adv erb clause of time. It modifies learned. g. â€Å"With this verdict we can start repairing the damages caused by our history, even though this history still causes us pain,† she adds. The underlined above is an adverb clause of concessive. It modifies start repairing. h. Some either prefer not to know or when they do find out they remain with the parents who raised them – even if they were directly involved in the death of their biological parents.The underlined above takes place as an adverb clause of conditional. It modifies prefer not to know. i. When her adoptive father told her that her parents were left-wing activists that he himself had helped to arrest, she replied: â€Å"I understand that you had to do it. † The underlined above is adverb clause of time. It modifies the verb replied. j. â€Å"The worst years came when I started to come to terms with my situation and I had this huge internal emotional debate,† she says. The underlined above is adv erb clause of time. It modifies the verb came. 4.Comparison and the differences among Noun, Adjective and Adverb clause. Three of the clauses above same in the content, their clauses consist of subject and verb. While the differences among them the functions and what they modify. Noun clause takes place as noun in the sentences, it may be appear as subject or object. Noun clause often modifies the noun in the sentence. Adjective clause takes place as an adjective in the sentence. It also modifies the noun in the sentence. And adverb clause takes place as an adverb in the sentences, it modifies the verb in the sentence.

Spice Crops

Accessibility to good roads, transportation facilities, and market A good farm-to-market road is practically essential. Bad roads limit the size of loads, increase wear and tear, and cause crops to be bruise. 2. ) Well-drained areas A gently sloping land is a good site because it allows for efficient water drainage. The site should not have any depression where water may accumulate. 3. ) Soil fertility Spice crops can be grown in almost all types of soil. However, they thrive best in loose, friable, sandy loam soil rich in organic matter. 4. ) Climatic conditionsMost spice crops grow best under warm humid climates but some grow in dry environments. Determining what kind of spice crop to grow in a particular area should be done beforehand. 5. ) Rainfall The amount of rainfall is important because spice crops do not grow well in areas with excessive rainfall. Instead, they grow faster in places with direct exposure to sunlight. Preparing the Onions There are several varieties of onion grow here in the Philippines. Among them are Red Globe, Excel, Granex, Red Creoles, Crystal Wax, Japanese Bunching, Baguio green,and Beltsville Bunching. The onion plot should be plowed, harrowed, and left in good tilth.The surface should be well worked and smooth. For every kilogram, prepare a 1Ãâ€"10 meter plot. Prepare five plots and five kilograms of seeds for every hectare of planting area. Sow the seeds thinly and evenly then water the plot. Cover them with a thin layer of pulverized soil to avoid exposure to sunlight. Keep the soil moist by watering it every week with ammonium sulfate. Seedlings are grown for 30-40days. As the onion matures, gradually decrease water supply to promote proper bulb ripening. Stop watering when the tops of onion start falling over as they are almost ready for harvesting.Onion’s keeping quality is longer when it is fully ripe when harvested. PLANTING AND CARING FOR ONIONS: Planting and Transplanting Onions can be planted either by clean cu lture or mulch culture method. If clean culture is used, the field should be plowed and harrowed to remove the weeds and pulverized the soil. One or double rows are then made, and complete fertilizer and processed fertilizer at the rate of 4-6 kg. per 100sq. m of land are thoroughly mixed and applied. The plots should be sufficiently irrigated to wet the soil. In the mulch method, the field is not plowed. Instead, the remaining stalks are cut nearest to the ground.Then, the field is allowed to dry while the weeds are removed. The field should be irrigated three days before transplanting. Fertilizer should be applied a week before transplanting. The amount of fertilizer to apply may depend on the native soil fertility, thus soil analysis is necessary. After 30-40 days, irrigate the field to loosen the soil. Uproot the seedlings carefully, and plant them in the plot in columns with a distance of 8-10cm. Make sure that the soil has enough moisture while the plants are growing. Irrigati on In the plot method, the first watering is done after one week from the date of planting.Irrigate the field just enough to water the soil. Apply the fertilizer consisting of five bags of ammonium sulfate and five bags of urea per hectare are then applied. The field is then irrigated every 10days. On the third irrigation, a combination of five bags of urea and five bags of muriate of potash are applied. On the fourth irrigation, 20 bags of complete fertilizer per hectare are then applied In the mulched method, less irrigation is done because the rice straws can retain the moisture of the soil longer. In both methods of planting, irrigation is no longer done one month before harvesting the crops.Pest and Diseases The common Pest that attack onions are thrips and nocturnal leaf-eating worms. You have learned that thrips are winged insects that eat parts of onion’s leaves, which then become yellow and dried from tip to base. To control these pests, spray the infested plant with Malathion or any appropriate insecticide. Purple blotch and onion pink rot are the common diseases caused by fungi that usually attack onions. Practicing crop rotation, planting of resistant varieties, and applying appropriate pesticides are some of the measures that farmers may use to control these diseases. HARVEST AND POST-HARVEST OF ONIONSHarvesting and Post-harvesting Operations The bending of the onion leaves is a sign that the onions are ready for harvesting. The maturity period of the crop differs according to the variety, just make sure that only the fully ripe ones are harvested to enhance their keeping quality. Red Globe, for example, matures in 100 days or more; Excel matures in 90-100 days; Red Creole matures in 110-120 days; and Granex matures in 130-135 days. Onions are harvested by uprooting the plants carefully. The bulbs should be properly sorted from the thick necks (will not store so long); injured or damaged bulbs should be cleaned.The plants are then placed in nylon sacks, bamboo crates or baskets. Onions should be carefully handled and properly cured, so that they will retain their freshness and quality. Onions should be placed in cold storage room with a dry atmosphere and adequate ventilation Marketing of Onions Fresh market onions are distributed through broker-shippers, grower-shippers, and chain store buyers. Many growers disposed of their crops soon after harvest. Dealers, shoppers, supermarket buyers, and others are usually on hand at harvest time to buy the products on cash basis, some on consignment basis.In some areas, onions are commonly sold under marketing contracts between growers and shippers. Profit Crops Production Cost Gross income Net income (Pesos)(Pesos) (Pesos) Onions P50. 00 P100. 00 P50. 00 The remaining P50. 00 profit will be the total profit for my plant production of onions.FIAT LUX ACADEME Cavite In partial fulfillment of the requirement in T. L. E. II â€Å"A Project Plant for my Plant Production† Sub mitted by: Rotsen R. Manaois II – Germanium Submitted to: Miss Hirlen E. Pico T. L. E. Teacher

Parallel Imaging. Advantages And Disadvantages Of Parallel Imaging Assignment

Parallel Imaging. Advantages And Disadvantages Of Parallel Imaging - Assignment Example Parallel imaging techniques were not commercially available until recently. They are on the verge of being explored in clinical applications. As has been widely cited, fundamentally, their potential clinical application involves either reduction in the acquisition time or improvement in spatial resolution. Improvements in the quality of images can be realized by reducing the single-shot spin echo sequences, and the fast spin-echo’s train length. Recent studies have hinted that parallel imaging is quite attractive for both vascular and cardiac application and proves more valuable as a 3-T body. Recent studies have shown that magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can be devoted for establishing means of increasing the acquisition speed. It is worth noting, therefore, that impressive gains have been realized in an effort to make MRI more effective in its application. This paper seeks to provide an overview of fundamental parallel imaging concepts while illustrating on potential clinic al applications. In this paper, merits, demerits of parallel imaging, as well as the comparison between SENSE and GRAPPA as parallel imaging technique would be emphasized. ... Moreover, it has an advantage of not being able to alter the contrast behavior of the imaging sequence underneath (Boesiger, 2002). Described as one with the ability to decrease the time required to perform the image sequence, it causes an increase in the resolution provided there is a specific time measured or be able to perform the two (Boesiger, 2002). For instance in cases where a patient experiences acquisition time exceeding his/her breath-hold capacity, The Parallel imaging can help in addressing this issue through reducing the patient acquisition time by factor 2 or even greater Figure 01. (Glockner et al. 2004) Figure 01.  The  Improved visualization of segmental renal arteries in SENSE IMAGES. IN case, the patient was initially short in breath with difficulty in suspending the respiration for a standard acquisition time. The use of Parallel imaging helped reduce acquisition time from 19s to 10 seconds (Glocker et al, 2004). For the Parallel images that are used in spira l scanning and EPI, they have a faster redouts, which often help to reduce the phase error that often result from BO motion or inhomogenity (Griswold, Jakob, 2002). Through this it help mitigate the T2* decay effect. In this case, motion effects, as well as T2 decay can be reduced and can be reduced when RF echo trains apply. Within the image product, such an advantage can lead to reduced susceptibility, motion artifact, as well as in mitigating of the T2/T2* blurring (Hahn eta l. 2003). In this case, Parallel imaging helps in reducing motion artifact, alongside diminishing the venous contamination, in particular for regions in which there happens to be rapid venous return. For instance, in carotid and renal arteries (figure 02) (Glockner et al. 2004) Figure

March of the Penguins The movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

March of the Penguins The - Movie Review Example This paper discusses the basic plot, similarities and differences, strength and weaknesses of the movie, followed by some lessons learned, and then the conclusion. An outline shows the structure of the arguments. Matthew Turner1 of The ViewLondon Review (2005) gives the basic plot of the movie thus - Directed by Frenchman Luc Jacquet and narrated (in the U.S version) by Morgan Freeman, the film . charts the annual cycle of the emperor penguins of Antarctica, beginning with their 70-mile march from the sea to their mating grounds. They walk in single file, often travelling on their bellies, enduring winds of up to 100 mph and sub-zero temperatures. When they finally reach the mating grounds, they undergo a series of elaborate mating rituals before pairing off into monogamous couples and mating. Once the egg is laid, the female penguins travel back to the sea, swimming and eating and having a great time while the males are left to hatch the eggs. After two months, the eggs hatch and the females return with food, at which point the males begin a trek to the sea and back in order to gather enough food to keep the penguin chicks alive. MEETING OF MALE PENGUINS at more normal times. Emperor penguins behave like a community. In the harsher times of winter, together they brave the storms of their environment. After the storms, it is the same. These are the fathers who take care of the eggs and nurture them to chicks and until the mothers come back. The mothers have gone back to sea to eat and would take them about two months to return.2 Photo credits: Yahoo MOTHER PENGUINS TRAVEL BACK TO SEA. After delivery, the mother penguins would entrust their eggs to the father penguins and would need to go back to sea to eat or else would die. The travel is not that easy as it takes them to coast ice glaciers of some distance. Most of the time, they travel by foot. When they get tired, they use their stomachs and slide by the ice glaciers.2 Photo credits: Yahoo Thesis. There are differences between human beings and penguins, but there are also similarities that echo much human experiences of love and loss. Penguins,3 however, are just birds and so should be assessed as birds and not something that should model for human beings. Similarities and differences. In March of the Penguins, the similarities and differences between man and penguin were clearly marked. The similarities mainly centered on rearing habits and mother instincts. Like human beings, penguins are warm-blooded vertebrate bipeds that reproduce sexually from male and female intercourse. They also rear their offspring to maturity as couples, very much reminiscent of domestic concerns (Greydanus 2006). This penguin concern extends to filial relationship and parent feelings for the offspring. The mother instinct in the movie is partially exemplified in the mother penguin trying to steal another's chick in an effort to replace her lost chick. It is hilarious in that in this episode, it is like the story of the two women fighting over a baby and judged by Solomon in the bible. Unlike human beings who resort to legal cases, the penguins band together to stop the stealing (Greydanus 2006). Not of the same

SS310 unit 6 Assignment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

SS310 unit 6 Assignment - Research Paper Example the single most potent and important step on the part of the women to win for themselves equal political, social, civil and moral rights (Dunlop, 1998, p. 246). The very fact that this convention was actually held, imbued the hitherto scattered women’s rights groups in the United States with the faith and the confidence that women were not only capable of politically organizing themselves, but were also capable of articulating their rational in an organized and forceful manner (Dunlop, 1998). The reverberations of the 1848 Seneca Falls Convention could well be felt in the drafting and ratification of the 19th Amendment in 1920, representing the fructification of the political and social momentum unleashed by the Seneca Falls Convention. Hence, there is no denying the fact that the first Women’s Rights Convention of 1848 in a way constitutes the chronological and ideological epicenter of the Women’s Rights Movement right from its dawn to the present day. It repres ents a first socially and politically organized and symbolic dissent on the part of the women, against the hitherto existing system that denied to them the very basic civil, political and economic rights. It was the 1848 Convention that initiated a debate on the issue of women’s right and other related issues. This also needs to be mentioned that many of the women activists being actively engaged in the abolition movement, were for the first time able to unequivocally express their disenchantment with a society that extended to them less than equal rights and that too with a grudge. Hence, the First National Women’s Rights convention at Worcester in 1850, tends to be a worthy follower to the 1848 Convention, which intended to be a litmus test on the part of its organizers, to test if Women’s Rights Movement could accrue support from varied sections of the American society and whether the time was right for initiating and organizing this struggle. In that sense, the First Women’s Rights

The impact of the crisis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The impact of the crisis - Essay Example It has been found out that the cause that resulted in such a drastic financial condition was the excessive borrowing that the countries belonging to the Euro zone had undertaken. Adding on to this problem there was lack of competitiveness in specific countries of this zone which resulted in the imbalances in the trade of these countries and also an increase in the current account deficit. This led to a weakening of the financial condition of the banks and they had problems in getting any further funding. Hence the credit and cash crisis in the country set in. While in Greece the problem surrounded every aspect of the economy in the countries like Spain and Ireland the problem was solely linked with the crisis that took place in the banking sector due to the unavailability of credit. This essay would look into the various aspects of the financial crisis that have taken place in the European Union and the effects of such liquidity crisis on the financial markets of these countries. The crisis in the Euro zone had far reaching effects on the entire world. Background of the crisis Most of the economic systems of the world are interconnected and therefore any adverse situation in one country would have its effect on the other countries as well. ... 726-741). The major problem that the countries faced was a common monetary policy but a different fiscal policies for each of the countries since the countries had different sets of government. The European Union was formed with a motive of maintaining a uniform monetary policy in all the member nations of the EU. The nations included in the list of the nations in the EU would have a common currency known as the Euro and it would be circulated over the borders of these nations. The main motive behind this process was bringing in all the countries of Europe in the same platform for international trade and to increase the intensity of competition. This in turn would increase the domestic production of the countries and would add to the GDP of the individual nations. In the previous days most of the East European countries followed the communist ways of governance. The EU would ensure that that the market economies structure along with free trade and competitive atmosphere is introduced in the country. The Euro Crisis was a combination of a debt crisis, lack of competitiveness and a banking sector credit crisis. The credit condition of the countries during this time was at a worse situation. The Monetary union of the European nations made a provision to the countries for guaranteeing loan for each other (Galil and Soffer, 2011, pp. 3101-3119). Since most of the nations lacked the creditworthiness due to the shortage of immediate cash and the financial conditions of the countries were intertwined, the entire Euro zone fell under this debt trap. Therefore along with the countries with adverse budgetary conditions, the ones which had proper condition of public

Beauty (Re)discovers the Male Body by Susan Bordo Essay

Beauty (Re)discovers the Male Body by Susan Bordo - Essay Example Technology has played a vital role in the evolution of advertisements, and television, radio, print media, LED screens etc are the most readily and widely accepted sources of advertisements. The studies conducted on consumer behavioral psychology have given marketers a boost in tackling their consumers. Basic human needs and desires can be a very effective accelerator for marketing since they grab attention more easily. The primary trends in advertisements that Bordo talks about in â€Å"Beauty (Re)discovers the male body† are of clothing and fashion. These two goods have found their most successful marketing approach which is to tell the consumer what is beautiful and what is not. The advertisements of these two products have primarily changed the perception of beauty and that can be observed in the recent years. The concept of masculinity has shifted in the recent years. Once the Marlboro described masculinity as tough, rough and calm in its advertisements, now masculinity i s more associated with the white collar look. The role of genders in advertisemnts has changed in a peculiar sense. The essence has been the same. The portrayal of men and women has been for the same purpose but it has changed its mode and approach. The aim has been to provide the consumer with a unique identity and for that the consumer can be convinced of what identity he/she wants. Self image has become increasingly important over the last two decades and this self image is primarily related to the appeal their appearances produce to other people. The desire to look like someone else and the desire to have someone else is in essence the reason for the war of the sexes. The video commercial of Calvin Klein underwear X can be an ideal depiction of objectification of men. The commercial stars four male models with seemingly perfect bodies; three of them white and one black. The commercial is in black and white and the models seem to be oiled up. Each guy addresses the viewers indivi dually in his underwear. Almost all the underwear that they are wearing highlights the outline of their penises. The commercial starts with one model calling the viewers. After the first model makes his statement, the camera shifts to the next model and after he makes his statement the camera shifts to the third models and this is how the advertisement continues showing all four models addressing the viewers in a cycle. All four male models are extremely confident and blunt. They convey confidence, through an image they portray, that anyone can succumb to their sexual appeal. The models have stiff but not exactly Schwarzenegger bodies. For convenience in visualizing the advertisement, the advertisement can be broken down into parts. In the first part of the commercial each model asks the viewers if they want to see his penis. Though the word â€Å"penis† itself is censored, the audience, as is evidently intended by the advertisement’s producers, can well make it out. I n the second part the models assert that the viewers want to see their penises. They are shown to be so good at reading the minds of people from their experience that they know for sure that the viewers want to see their penises. One of the models asks the viewers to look at his face not at his crotch. In the second part of the commercial one of the models makes a bargain for showing his penis. His statement sounds like â€Å"

Architecture as Functional Buildings Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Architecture as Functional Buildings - Essay Example It can be assumed that the differences are not only because of the social welfare and expectations for an orphanage. More important, there is a sense of difference because of the social and cultural ideologies and how this is represented through available resources and expectations within the orphanages. The concept of architecture as only a functional building is one which is often acknowledged by those looking at the structures for social welfare. However, it is also noted that architecture means something when looking at the social welfare of individuals within a country, economic structures, governmental expectations and philosophies which are held by those who are building the different pieces of architecture. The concept of architecture is one which becomes redefined not only as a building used for functions or assistance. Instead, it is one that consists of a metaphor of life that is associated with the community. The philosophies of a specific architect are based on represent ing the metaphors so it best serves the purpose of the building while reflecting the values that are associated with the culture (Leach, 1997: 17). ... The front carries a middle pond, grass and play areas for the children that are in the orphanage. The home is residential, meaning that the care takers live with the children and also have a room within the orphanage for complete care (Rita Home, 2011). When looking at the home, it is noted that there is a desire to create a home like atmosphere. The slanted roof tops, windows in the front, bright coloring and the accents with landscaping and other looks all add into the home like aspect that is important to the culture. The exterior landscaping, including the central pond and the trees, were known as important for residents to help with cooling the area and offering practical solutions to those living in a residence. This is combined with the brightly colored walls that are in both the interior and exterior of the building. These are all common attributes of the traditional looks of architecture in Malaysia, specifically for residential home areas (Tan, 1994: 5). The main concepts o f the orphanage in Malaysia are compared to the â€Å"Monte Pio† in Australia (see Appendix B). The first concept noted with this is with the main layout of the buildings. A separate assembly hall, laundry area and dining room and dormitory are within the main property. This is combined with a main area used for the lessons and needs of the girls that remained in the â€Å"Monte Pio† school. This allowed all the activities to remain separate while the girls were staying in the orphanage. The structure was followed with the ideas seen through the layout, such as with the toilet block. Similar applications of lines and structure are seen in the laundry room, assembly hall, dining area and other interior areas. The main approach was to create order, structure

Puzzle 1 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Puzzle 1 - Assignment Example Viewers can decide whether they see art, which makes their makers, artists, although artists, particularly humans, can use their autonomy to say that they are artists, whether their viewers agree or not. These artists are making art because they have viewers who can accept their works as art, even if there may be differences amongst the latter’s views. I believe that these creators are all artists or painters because they have the skills to make art and viewers who can accept their works as art. What makes them artists or painters is that they can create works of art based on their own perceptions of the world and using their painting skills, and that they have audiences who can appreciate their art. Some people might say that chimpanzees or elephants cannot perceive the value and effects of art, but I believe that they have their own ways of expressing art, as these videos prove. In addition, I believe that they are â€Å"good† artists to those audiences who see their paintings as â€Å"good† works of art because they like the total effect of these works and they find meaning in these paintings. As for the question of determining if one better than the other, it is hard to answer that because â€Å"better† art is in the eye of the beholder. In other words, I do not think that any person, even those who are called art critics and art connoisseurs can absolutely say that one painting or painter is better than the other since, in the end, people, as art consumers have different tastes and preferences in art and they can still choose what they think are â€Å"better† art works. Furthermore, determining the â€Å"better† art depends on both or either viewer or creator. Some viewers immediately think that human arts are better than animal-made arts because of the preference for the creators. Other viewers, on the opposite, do not consider who/what the painter is and prefer to appreciate art depending

Special Education Comprehensive Essay Exam Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Special Education Comprehensive Exam - Essay Example Within the context of the stated, one of the primary challenges to inclusion is scepticism and the attitude of general education teachers. The said challenges are amply evidenced in the case study, whereby two of John's teachers are, to some degree, do not understand why John should be included in their classes, of what possible benefit his inclusion could be and how to assess his learning or progress. Needless to say, John's cognitive, if not motor, impairment has the potential to contribute to the said scepticism. At the same time, John's willingness to participate and the obvious enthusiasm he expressed during history classes underscore the degree to which inclusion in GE classes has the potential to constructively contribute to John's academic development. This potential can only be realized, however, if inclusive values are promoted and John's teachers organize and deliver instructions. As indicated in the case study, two of John's teachers are somewhat opposed to inclusion, these being Mr. Johnson and Mr. Hardy; two are ambivalent, these being Mrs. Smith and Ms. Fuquay, in that while they are not opposed to John's inclusion, do not appear willing to really go out of their way to accommodate him. In fact, apart from Mr. Eagerhart who is working with a special educator and teaching to a primarily special needs group, only Ms. Chang is enthusiastic. The implication here is that across John's classes, there are varying attitudes towards his inclusion, thereby underscoring the imperatives of promoting inclusive values. The promotion of inclusive values, as will be illustrated through reference to the relevant literature, is predicated on the school's embracing inclusivity. A positive and supportive school philosophy towards inclusion and students with disabilities is crucial for a successful inclusion program (Baird, 1990; Emerson & Maddox, 1997; Salisbury et al., 1993; Simpson, Myles & Simpson, 1997; Stainback et al., 1992; Webber, 1997). Thus, a positive classroom climate should be established. A positive classroom climate is one that is accepting of individual differences and promotes the idea that all students, including students with disabilities, should have the same access to knowledge, growth, achievement, success and belonging (Webber). When teachers and faculty communicate about a student with a disability, he or she should be referred to by name, grade level or subject area without mention of a disability label (Montie et al., 1992). According to Simpson et al. (1997), inclusion programs can be successful only to the extent that they foster an educational environment in which students with disabilities are socially integrated and experience acceptance. However, they

Letter of Motivation Essay Example for Free

Letter of Motivation Essay Today’s world is like an open book. We people now have information at our fingertips and that has helped us in drastically improving the way we live. This change in our world, into one huge global entity can be attributed to the communication revolution that our world underwent. From the radio to the computer, the developments in the field of electronics have intrigued me since childhood. My interests became my passion and motivated me to pursue my Bachelor degree in Electronics and Communication. My quest for hands-on experience motivated me in making a radio receiver in my third semester of Bachelors. But after finishing my B-Tech, I realized that I had mastered only the basics and that there is still a lot more to learn to truly comprehend the nuances of the subject. This led to my decision to pursue a Master degree and broaden my knowledge base. I believe that being able to pursue a Master Degree program in Hochschule Darmstadt will also be a motivation for me to further study and research in a field that has interested me for so long. My decision of applying to Hochschule Darmstadt, for Electrical Engineering and Information Technologies is based mainly on the course structure and the various research opportunities that I will encounter there. The eminent panel of experts handling the various topics and the resources of the university assures me of the studying experience that I hope to have. As part of my Bachelors project I did a MATLAB based project named â€Å"Copter Eyes† with introduction of a new Video Mosaicing technique. My project brought forth a comprehensive technique of real time color Video Mosaicing which invited the attention and funding of two major Institutions namely â€Å"Center for Engineering Research and Development (CERD)† and â€Å"Kerala State Council for Science Technology and Environment (KSCSTE)†. As part of the mini project of my Bachelors course, I have also worked on a microcontroller based device that works on various modes and functioned as ASCII transmitter and receiver, Pulse Width Modulator, IR Tester, Capacitance and Frequency Meter, Signal Generator, Voltage meter and Logic Probe . This small endeavor of mine was greatly appreciated by my lecturers and has been adopted by the Communication Laboratory of my college. My initial idea for the Bachelor project was a communication based project, but due to the lack of technical knowhow I was not able to go through with my project. I believe that with the knowledge pool in Hochschule Darmstadt I would be able to work on this project and also hopefully on other new ideas. I have an interest in teaching and I am currently helping many Electronics and Communication students with their MATLAB based Engineering projects at the â€Å"Institute of Human Resource Development†. I am a firm believer that knowledge grows with spreading and my teaching helps me enrich myself and the young minds of India. I am also an active member of an international organization called ICPF (Inter Collegiate Prayer Fellowship) whose vision is to impact the new generation with the Lord’s Word. I was also the coordinator of â€Å"Electrino Association† of my college responsible for organization of seminars, project expos and technical fest in the field of electronics and communication. I have won many prizes in technical fests and technical quiz competitions. I am also a sport enthusiast and have won many prizes in athletics, especially in long jump. I believe that my involvement in extracurricular activities helped me to become a dynamic and responsible person. It is my greatest desire as a student, to pursue Masters Studies in a course that would help me stand out in a crowd, from a university that can offer an enriching and exciting academic life, so that I can propel my career with an excellent start. I sincerely hope that considering my academic record and my interests, I would be able to associate with your prestigious university in successfully pursuing a Masters degree in Electrical Engineering and Information Technologies. I also hope to contribute to the research work being conducted in Hochschule Darmstadt and thereby gain significantly from the expertise that the university has in this prospective field.

Chemical Synthesis of a Gene: Phosphodiester Approach

Chemical Synthesis of a Gene: Phosphodiester Approach Chemical synthesis of a gene is the process of synthesizing an artificially designed gene into a physical DNA sequence by chemical methods. The amino acid sequence of the protein encoded by a gene enables the deduction of base sequence of the concerned gene. From the amino acid sequence of the protein and using a set of optimal codons, the nucleotide sequence of the gene can be back translated. However, the degeneracy of genetic code may present some problems, but a functional sequence of the gene can nonetheless be worked out and can be optimized for codon usage as well as for base composition. In principle, a DNA synthesizer can be used to synthesize the DNA sequence chemically and this can be cloned in the usual manner. But this is not so simple. A synthesizer will add bases sequentially one at a time to the growing oligonucleotide chain through a series of chemical reactions and washing steps. Synthesis of oligonucleotides 30-50 bases long is very reliable, longer sequences can be synthesized but the practical limit is not more than 100 bases. One way to solve this is to synthesize short fragments and join them chemically or enzymatically to create the longer fragment. However, the synthesizer makes single-stranded DNA, so the complementary strand has to be synthesized again to create a double-stranded DNA. It involves a lot of work but is achievable. Early studies. The synthesis of nucleic acids in the laboratory started about thirty years ago. Early synthetic efforts used phosphodiester approach which enabled the synthesis of short oligonucleotides of 10-20 nucleotides. This approach was based on the selection of the proper condensing agents for phosphodiester bond formation and at the same time suitable protective groups were employed for the bases and the ribose moiety. These oligonucleotides were then assembled into longer DNA fragments with the help of kinase and DNA ligase. From the known primary structure of a ribonucleic acid, tyrosine tRNA, Dr H Khorana and his colleagues deduced the DNA sequence and synthesized successfully a DNA segment containing 200 bp coding for the structural gene for tyrosine tRNA. However, the low yields in the condensation step, the long reaction times, and especially the time-consuming purification of intermediates led to believe that chemical gene synthesis is unlikely to become a standard lab oratory method. Since then, the procedure for oligonucleotide synthesis has been improved by several workers and they provide different approaches for synthesis as well as protection of bases and sugar moieties. There are three distinct methods: (1) phosphodiester approach, (2) phosphotriester or phosphate triester approach and (3) phosphite triester or phosphoramidite approach. Phosphodiester approach This method involves the formation of an ester linkage between an activated phosphate group of one nucleotide with the hydroxyl group of another nucleoside, thus forming the natural phosphodiester bridge between the 5-OH of one nucleoside unit and the 3-OH of the next. Here, 3-O-acetylnucleoside-5-O-phosphate (a) is activated by N,N-dicyclo- hexylcarbodiimide (DCC) or p-toluenesulphonylchloride(PTS/PTsCl) and subjected to react with a 5-O-protected nucleoside (b) to give a protected dinucleoside monophosphate or phosphodiester (c). Activation of phosphate moiety is essential for easier formation of the phosphodiester linkage and this is mediated by DCC or PTsCl. Now, to increase the chain length, one has to remove the 3-O-acetyl group by base catalysed hydrolysis. Further chain elongation is carried out by repeating the process. The major drawback of the phosphodiester method is the formation of pyrophosphate oligomers and oligonucleotides branched at the internucleosidic phosphate. Phosphotriester approach In this method, oligonucleotide branch formation is avoided by protecting the phosphate group with an ethylcyano group. A nucleotide containing 5-OH protected and phosphate protected by MMT and 2-cyanoethyl group respectively (compound a) is activated with 2,4,6-Triisopropylbenzenesulfonyl chloride (TPSCl) and subjected to reaction with a 3-O-protected nucleoside (b). This generates a dinucleoside monophosphate or phosphotriester (c) in which phosphate group is protected by 2-cyanoethyl group. The basic difference between phosphodiester and phosphotriester method is that, in phosphodiester method, the phosphate group is protected by two phosphoester linkage but in phosphotriester method the phosphate group is protected by one extra phosphoester linkage with 2-cyanoethyl group. In phosphotriester method, the formation of oligonucleotide branch at the internucleosidic phosphate is avoided. Phosphite triester or phosphoramidite approach The phosphite triester or phosphoramidite approach for oligonucleotide synthesis was based upon the use of phosphoramidite monomers and the use of tetrazole catalysis. In phosphite triester method, the starting compound is N-6-benzoyldeoxyadenosinephosphoramidite (if adenine is the first base) where the phosphorous atom is in the +3 oxidation state. So unlike the other methods, the formation of oligonucleotides branch is not possible in this process. In this approach, the oligonucleotide is synthesized by a series of reactions described below. Protection of base and sugar In this step, the free -NH2 group of the bases are protected by benzoylation or acylation depending upon the nature of bases. The 5-hydroxyl group is also protected by dimethoxytrityl group (DMT), which protects only primary hydroxyl group but not secondary. The reactions are illustrated in CSG_Fig 3., the blocked bases are shown in the inset. Formation of phosphite triester or phosphoramidite In this step phosphite triester is synthesized by a series of reactions. First, 2-cyanoethanol on reaction with phosphorus trichloride produces an intermediate compound which on further reaction with di-isopropylamine (two-equivalent) and 5-OH protected nucleoside (one-equivalent) produces phosphite triester (CSG_Fig 4). This phosphoramidite will be repeatedly used during the oligonucleotide synthesis process described below. The synthesis procedure The synthesis is carried out in several steps described below: Step 1: The deblocking step The first base, which is attached to the solid support, is at first inactive because all the active sites have been blocked or protected. The free -NH2 groups in the bases remains protected by benzoylation or acylation depending upon the bases and the -OH group is protected by dimethoxytrityl group (DMT). To add the next base, the DMT group protecting the 5-hydroxyl group must be removed (deblocking). This step is also called detritylation. This is done by adding either dichloroacetic acid (DCA) or trichloroacetic acid (TCA) in dichloromethane (DCM), to the reaction column. The 5-hydroxyl group is now the only reactive group on the base monomer. This ensures that the addition of the next base will only bind to that site. The reaction column is then washed to remove any extra acid and by-products. Step 2: Base condensation The step2 is basically a condensation step. Now prior to addition of the well protected nucleotide to the column, it is essential to activate the phosphate group, so that the nucleophilic attack on phosphorous atom takes place easily. This is best done by adding tetrazole to the nucleotide in dichloromethane medium. In presence of tetrazole, diisopropylamine group of the nucleotide becomes positively charged and hence its departure would be easier after nucleophilic attack of 5-hydroxyl group of the previous nucleotide which is attached with resin column. After the reaction, the column was washed to remove extra tetrazole, unbound nucleotide and byproduct (diisopropylamine). Step 3: Capping In case of unreacted nucleoside attached with resin, the 5-hydroxyl group is unprotected this may react later with the addition of different nucleotides. If left unprotected, it will lead to the formation of a mixture of oligonucleotides. The 5-hydroxyl group is therefore blocked by adding acetic anhydride and N-methylimidazole (capping). After capping, the reaction column is thoroughly washed to remove extra acetic anhydride and N-methylimidazole. Step 4: Oxidation This step is basically an oxidation step. In this step, the phosphite linkage is oxidized to give more stable phosphate linkage. The oxidation is best done by adding a mixture of dilute aqueous iodine solution, pyridine (Py) and tetrahydorfuran (THF) to the reaction column. The steps one through four, i.e., deblocking, base condensation, capping and oxidation, are repeated until all desired bases have been added to the column. This cycle is completed once for each additional base. Step 5 Detachment of oligonucleotide from solid support After all bases have been added the oligonucletide must be cleaved from the solid support and deprotected before it can be effectively used. For detachment of oligonucleotides form resin, the column is treated with 28% ammonium hydroxide solution (NH4OH), and at the same time the ethylcyano group on the phosphate group is removed. Step 6: Purification and isolation of oligonucleotide In this step, NH4OH is evaporated from the ammonium hydroxide solution of oligonucleotides to get crude product. The crude product is a mixture of oligonucleotide, cleaved protective groups and oligonucleotides with internal deletions. Now this crude product is subjected to boiling in a sealed tube with NH4OH at 55 °C. The main purpose of this reaction is to remove the base protecting group. After evaporation of NH4OH, the crude product is subjected to desalting followed by Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis, to purify the oligonucleotides. Desalting is used mainly to remove the ammonium ion. This is done by ethanol precipitation, size-exclusion chromatography, or reverse-phase chromatography. Oligonucleotides are synthesized by the stepwise addition of nucleoside-3à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ²-phosphoramidite monomers to solid-phase supports in an automated DNA synthesizer. In solid-phase synthesis, 3-terminal hydroxy group of the first added nucleoside is attached to the solid surface by covalent interaction. The solid support is contained in columns whose dimensions depend on the scale of synthesis. The two most frequently used solid phase materials are Control Pore Glass (CPG) and macroporous polystyrene (MPPS). CPG is commonly defined by its pore size, for example pore sizes of 500Ã… are used to allow the oligonucleotides preparation of about 50 -mer. To improve the performance of native CPG some modification is required. This is done by treating the material with (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane) to give Aminopropyl CPG. The amino group then serves as the anchoring point for the first added oligonucleoside. MPPS is synthesized by polymerization of divinylbenzene, styrene, and 4-chloromethylstyrene in the presence of a porogeneous agent. It is a low-swellable, highly cross-linked polystyrene and suitable for oligonucleotide synthesis. The macroporous chloromethyl MPPS obtained is often converted to aminomethyl MPPS to improve the efficiency of the support. Annealing of oligonucleotides For chemically synthesize a gene, the next step will be to assemble the oligonucleotides to form a complete gene. This is achieved by enzymatic methods which include polymerase cycling and ligase reactions. Some of the strategies are discussed below. Assembling oligonucleotides by single-step PCR. For synthesis of a gene, the oligonucleotides (about 30-60 nt long) are synthesized chemically so that each oligonucleotide has a 6-9 nt overlap with its neighboring oligonucleotide. These are then assembled in a single-step PCR. In this method, oligonucleotides are first ligated and then the product, the entire gene, is PCR amplified using the outmost oligonucleotides as primers. This method was first used to synthesize a 924-bp gene coding for an isozyme of horseradish peroxidase. Another method was developed by WPC Stemmer which did not use any ligase for joining the oligonucleotide products. It however, relied on Taq DNA polymerase (PCR cycling) for joining the individual oligonucleotides. Assembling oligonucleotides by two-step PCR. The method involves two steps. (i) Synthesis of individual fragments of the DNA of interest: ten to twelve 60mer oligonucleotides with 20 bp overlap are mixed and a PCR reaction is carried out with high-fidelity DNA polymerase Pfu to produce DNA fragments that are 500 bp in length. (ii) Synthesis of the entire sequence of the DNA of interest: five to ten PCR products from the first step are combined and used as the template for a second PCR reaction using high-fidelity DNA polymerase pyrobest, with the two outermost oligonucleotides as primers. Several modifications of the above procedure have been presented. One such method called PAS (PCR-based accurate synthesis) involves (i) synthesis of oligonucleotides to cover the entire DNA sequence (ii) PCR to synthesize DNA fragments (iii) second PCR for assembly of the products of the first PCR and (iv) cloning of the synthetic DNA and then verification by DNA sequencing. Besides, other methods in use for gene synthesis are successive extension PCR, simplified gene synthesis (PCR based), synthons and ligation by selection, to name a few. Review questions and problems What is the advantage of phosphatetriester method over phosphatediester method? What is the advantage of phosphitetriester method over phosphatetriester and  phosphatediester method? What is the main advantage to use DMTCl for protecting the 5-hydroxyl group? How could you attach the first nucleoside to the solid support? What is the utility of capping step in the oligonucleotides synthesis? Why capping is done by aceticanhydride? What is the function of iodine in the oxidation step of oligonucleotides synthesis? How could you protect only the free -NH2 group of the bases of a nucleoside? What is the reagent used for the removal of 2-cyanoethyl group from the  synthesized oligonucleotides? What is the byproduct produced from the base-condensation step of oligonucleotides  synthesis in phosphite triester method? How could you deprotect the bases of oligonucleotides? What is the function of tetrazole in the base condensation step of oligonucleotide synthesis? What is the basic principle for synthesizing a gene from the corresponding oligonucleotides by (a) PCR-based one-step DNA synthesis, (b) PCR-based two-step DNA synthesis?

Death of a child and the impact to parental grief

Death of a child and the impact to parental grief Adulthood is the stage in  the human lifespan that captures the stages of acquiring independence from the family of origin, establishing loving relationships and having and raising children.   When adults transition into the role of spouse and parent they are not likely to attribute this meaningful time of life to crisis.   The death of a child disrupts the biological order of the lifespan and challenges a parents understanding of their world (Rogers, Floyd, Seltzer, Greenberg and Hong, 2008). Researchers have labelled the death of a child as one of the most tragic events a parent must endure.   In a study by Sanders (1980) comparing bereavement in individuals who experienced the death of a parent, spouse and child, Sanders identified more intense grief reactions among those who survived the death of a child (as cited by Arnold and Buschman Gemma, 2008).   A childs death impacts the parent on multiple levels; as an individual, as a partner and as a contributing member of society.   Grief is often complicated by the addition of anxiety and fatigue which impedes communication in relationships and with other members of a family (Toller and Braithwaite, 2009).  Ã‚   According to Emmons, Colby and Kaiser (1998) grief is often equated to the destruction of the persons assumptive world (as cited by Rogers, Floyd, Seltzer, Greenberg and Hong, 2008, p. 204).   Additionally, Colin Murray Parkes (1970) defines the assumptive world as represent[ing] the totality of what the individual knows or thinks he knows. It includesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ our plans and our prejudices (as cited by Tedeschi and Calhoun, 2004, p. 21).   The length of parental grief has been estimated by some to last upwards of a decade following the childs death while other researchers acknowledge parental grief as lasting indefinitely (Rogers, Floyd, Seltzer, Greenberg and Hong, 2008).   The negative effects of prolonged grief have implications on bereaved parents mental and physical health well into midlife (Rogers, Floyd, Seltzer, Greenberg and Hong, 2008).    This paper will explore the impact that the death of a child has on the mother and father as individuals and together as a couple.   It will examine how individuals use coping mechanisms and a quest for meaning to transform this crisis in adulthood into the potential for personal growth and a renewed sense of purpose for life.   For the purposes of this paper bereavement and grief will be defined.   According to Parkes and Weiss (1983) bereavement is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦encompassing the entire experience of anticipating a death, death itself and the subsequent adjustment to living (as cited by Meert et al., 2009).   In addition, Therese Rando (1993) defines grief as the process of experiencing the psychological, behavioural, social and physical reactions to the perception of loss (p. 22). Although crisis in adulthood is inclusive of both men and women, research shows gender specific styles of grieving and coping with the death of a child.   In a study conducted with bereaved parents by Toller and Braithwaite (2009), mothers identified the need to express their grief through discussing the death and the shedding of tears.   In her book When the Bough Breaks: Forever after the Death of a Son or Daughter, author Judith Bernstein (1998) discusses womens grief response as frequently revealing and more likely desolate.   Bernstein (1998) explains that mothers expressive grief may be the result of the degree mothers are invested in their parental role.   Ã‚  Expression of emotions can be significantly difficult in a mothers grief experience of a stillborn baby when societal support may be absent or limited due to the inability of society to recognize the birth and death as a meaningful event (Cacciatore, 2010).   Cacciatore (2010) identifies that parents presumptio n of support from family, friends and medical staff may be based in their own value and understanding of the loss which contradicts the support actually afforded them.   Additionally, Shainess (1963) challenged that childbirth that ends with the death of a baby not only has the potential to devastate a womens self-image but also may alter how she relates herself to others (as cited by Cacciatore, 2010).   Stillbirth has been coined as the invisible death because very few people knew or met the child, the mother has very few keepsakes to memorialize their child and inevitably the mother may feel pressure to forget the child by their social network (Cacciatore, 2010).   Li, Laursen, Precht, Olsen and Mortensen (2005) found that bereaved mothers, compared with nonbereaved mothers, were at much higher risk for first time inpatient psychiatric care.   The risks remained notably higher for more than five years following the death of a child (as cited by Rogers, Floyd, Seltzer, Greenberg and Hong, 2008).   In addition, Radestad et al. (1996) identified bereaved mothers of stillborn babies experience higher rates of anxiety up to three years following the death as compared to mothers who had live born children (as cited by Cacciatore, 2010). Bereaved mothers often question their ability to be successful at motherhood following the death of a child (Cacciatore, 2010).   Children within the family unit are often impacted by the death of a baby when their parents grief makes them unavailable to their emotional demands (Cacciatore, 2010).   Interestingly, a study by Peterson (1994) found that the death of a baby continues to affect future generations.   In the study, adult daughters of mothers who experienced a stillbirth, reported fear during their own pregnancy, in addition to guilt, anxiety and grief in adulthood that impacted attachment with their own children (as cited by Cacciatore, 2010). Mothers may illicit varied strategies to cope with the death of their child.   In a study of 47 bereaved mothers, Cacciatore (2010) found that 21% acknowledged using alcohol and illegal drugs as a form of coping, while 45% of respondents reported contemplating self-harm.   All of the respondents indicated that the death of their child had considerably altered their identity (Cacciatore, 2010).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Men and women do not always experience grief following the death of a child in the same way.   It is not uncommon for fathers to experience societal messages that encourage a traditional male role of strength that bravely supports the mother following the childs death (Aho, Tarkka, Astedt-Kurki and Kaunonen, 2006).   Not surprisingly, these messages may explain why research has found men are more likely to deny grief or grieve in private while suppressing reactions or hiding feelings (Aho, Tarkka, Astedt-Kurki and Kaunonen, 2006). In a study of fathers reactions to infant loss, Colsen (2001) examined conscious and unconscious responses to grief.   The study showed that some fathers had pronounced grief reactions in the unconscious while denying the presence of grief consciously (as cited by Aho, Tarkka, Astedt-Kurki and Kaunonen, 2006).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In analysis of the research, several studies have indicated that fathers use physical activity as a means to cope with grief as well as to assimilate control over their emotions (Aho, Tarkka, Astedt-Kurki and Kaunonen, 2006; Toller and Braithwaite, 2009).   In addition to feelings of physical pain, often attributed to the physicality of mens grief, fathers identify strong and prolonged feelings of guilt, anger and bitterness after the death of a child directed at themselves, God and caregiving personnel (Aho, Tarkka, Astedt-Kurki and Kaunonen, 2006).   Interestingly, in a study by Barrera et al. (2009) concerning parent adjustment following the death of a child, researchers found that the fathers interviews were significantly longer than those of the mothers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As indicated in the discussion surrounding maternal grief, several studies have concluded that increased alcohol consumption also contributes to the fathers grief experience (Aho, Tarkka, Astedt-Kurki and Kaunonen, 2006).   In fact, in a study by Vance et al. (1995), concerning gender differences and psychological grief reactions for bereaved parents, research found that alcohol use in parents directly after the death and up to three years following, was significantly higher than the control group who had not experienced a death (as cited by Aho, Tarkka, Astedt-Kurki and Kaunonen, 2006).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Parents may also share common experiences of grief following the death of a child. In a study of parental adjustment six months after the death of their child, participants identified that they mourned a future without their children and that they would never see the child meet milestones such as their graduation or wedding (Barrera et al., 2009).   In addition to missing milestones these same participants reported a significant need to physically touch their children again (Barrera et al., 2009).   Some parents of children who died in the pediatric intensive care unit indicated that they needed mementos to assist them in feeling connected to their child.   Mementos ranged from a stuffed animal to a locket of the childs hair (Meert et al, 2008).   In fact, researchers argue that the ability of the parents to establish a continued connection with the deceased child through the use of memories is integral to the parental experience o f bereavement and coping (Barrera et al., 2009).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In addition to continuing the bond with their deceased child, parents have additional stress in establishing commonalities and differences in grief within the marital relationship.   Meaning is derived from telling the story of the childs death and this can be particularly difficult for bereaved parents who often feel that their social network is not receptive to talk of the death experience (Toller and Braithwaite, 2009).   Alternatively, parents may turn to one another as a means of support but this can also prove difficult since both partners are experiencing the death simultaneously (Toller and Braithwaite, 2009).   In a study by Toller and Braithwaite (2009) of bereaved parents they found that parents wanted to grieve with their spouse while concurrently indicating that they also needed space to grieve separately from their partner.   The parents in this study reported that grieving together was difficult due to the differing ways in which they and their partners approached and even expressed grief (Toller and Braithwaite, 2009). A fear for many bereaved spouses is the statistical relevance of divorce among bereaved parents.   Although some research indicates a higher occurrence of divorce following the death of a child, other research challenges the methodology and difficulties in tracking divorced couples in order to make concise conclusions (Rogers, Floyd, Seltzer, Greenberg and Hong, 2008).   Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   A more alarming finding is the evidence of depression and long term health concerns among bereaved parents.   In their study, Rogers, Floyd, Seltzer, Greenberg and Hong (2008) analyzed data from the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study (WLS) and found that bereaved parents, in midlife and on average 18 years following the death of their child, reported more symptoms of depression   and cardiovascular problems than their nonbereaved cohort.   In fact, 83% of bereaved parents in the WLS reported depression within three years of their childs death (Rogers, Floyd, Seltzer, Greenberg and Hong, 2008).   The researchers of this study concluded that the return to employment, social and family roles may indicate full recovery following the death of a child but persistent episodes of depression and health related issues suggest internal turmoil that may not be recognized and acknowledged by friends and family (Rogers, Floyd, Seltzer, Greenberg and Hong, 2 008).   Furthermore, this study showed that the ability to function was not greater with the passing of time since the death and suggested that the bereavement following the death of a child may lead to continued health concerns for decades (Rogers, Floyd, Seltzer, Greenberg and Hong, 2008). Bereaved parents do find ways to cope and manage the grief both individually and as a couple.   Many parents indicate that surviving children provide them with a sense of purpose and parents reinvest energy into ensuring these children are learning how to cope with the death of their sibling (Barrera et al., 2009).   Barrera et al. (2009) identified the presence of surviving children at the time of death to be linked with lower instance of marital discord.     Researchers in multiple studies found that bereaved parents who did not have surviving children reported a strong desire to have another child through pregnancy, adoption or fostering (Barrera et al., 2009; Arnold and Buschman Gemma, 2008). Interestingly Videka-Sherman (1982) found evidence that parents who had a subsequent child following death were more likely to have better psychological adjustment to grief (as cited by   (Rogers, Floyd, Seltzer, Greenberg and Hong, 2008). In the study conducted by Toller and Braithwaite (2009) the majority of bereaved parents indicated that although they experienced grief differently than their partner, they were eventually able to identify and empathize, even accept the differences.   Bereaved parents who recognized that grieving is unique to each individual and in turn gave their spouse room to grieve or engaged with others for support found that they were able to navigate the differences and maintain a healthy relationship (Toller and Braithwaite, 2009).   Although therapeutic models encourage an ability to be open and heal, Toller and Braithwaite (2009) suggest that selective closedness has shown evidence of health in grieving (p. 273).   In fact, nonverbal communication between spouses is possible to create connection in grieving through hand holding, physical closeness and expression through letter writing (Toller and Braithwaite, 2009). Many parents have identified the need to redefine themselves integrating the experience of being a parent to a child who has died (Barrera et al., 2009).   Parents have described the need for their child to be validated and recognized in a societal context, given worth in order to aid them in their ability to grieve that child (Meert et al, 2009).   Of additional importance is the acceptance from family, friends and parents social network to allow bereaved parents to grieve in a way that is meaningful to them at their own speed and without judgement (Meert et al., 2009). Ultimately, bereaved parents incorporate a variety of support strategies to assist them in coping with the death of their child (Barrera et al., 2009).   Many bereaved parents identified an eventual revitalized purpose to life, commonly associated with a desire to give back to the community and support other bereaved parents (Barrera et al., 2009).   Following the death of a child, Calhoun and Tedeschi (2001) theorise that individuals undergo a reorganization of beliefs surrounding significance of the world and oneself. According to Calhoun and Tedeschi (2001) posttraumatic growth is the positive changes in relationship to others, spirituality or philosophy of life, and sense of self that follows bereavement (p. 344).   A study by Engelkemeyer and Marwit (2008) of bereaved parents found that parents who reported growth were also the parents who identified having a positive outlook regarding self-worth and characterised themselves as being lucky.   The death of a child has a profound effect on the parents as individuals and as a couple that creates a crisis in their transition through adulthood.   Bereaved parents may experience negative or positive consequences of the grief experienced following their childs death and these effects will be felt throughout the remainder of their lifespan. A quote from one bereaved mother eloquently sums up the enormity of death on the life experience: Death being such a major part of life is something that only those who experience it firsthand can truly attest to being at the very core of our existence.   Death changes who we are and what we feel about life entirely.   Death even steals our perception of time and how a month ending, or a year ending or the celebration of new life affects us.   Death comes in and manipulates everyone we come in contact with, while making us an alien to everyone (Ruffin, 2010, p.9).

Bringing the Dead Christ to the Patron in the Christian Tradition :: essays papers

Bringing the Dead Christ to the Patron in the Christian Tradition Art during the Christian tradition was produced to enhance the worship of saintly figures by church patrons. Paintings were not only used to tell a biblical story but also to form emotional connections between the patrons and the principles of the church. Artists in the Christian tradition strived to portray events of religious importance with maximum drama to make a lasting impression. They did this by applying artistic advances in ways that draw the patron into the painting. One such event was the death of Christ. While the artists in Florence were starting to practice the potential maximization of the individual, very different things were happening up in Flanders. The region, fresh out of the dark ages, was very centered on religion. Thomas a Kempis taught in his Imitatio Christi that the individual should devote their lives to living a more Christian life and should rid themselves of all secular things. People in this region were also interested in the philosophies of Aristotle and nominalism rather than in Plato as were the people of Florence, who would again search for the perfect ideal during the renaissance. The lack of interest in secular knowledge can be seen in Rogier Van Der Weyden’s Deposition (1435, see figure 1). The artists of Flanders had no interest in the study of the nude; therefore the figures in Deposition have oblong proportions and unnatural balance. However, the Flanders artisans had developed certain techniques, which made their works advanced in certain aspects. For centuries, monks in the area had been illuminating their manuscripts with extreme precision. This focus on detail is seen in Deposition. Every last hair is individualized and patterns on the drapery are painted to the very thread. The faces are no longer stylized but individualized so that you might recognize one of them if you saw them on the street. The advent of oil paint made the scene much more vibrant and allowed artists to paint and repaint over an area, being able to visualize the exact color before it was applied. This new technique far surpassed the limitations of tempera that was being used in Italy. The most important aspect of Deposition is the symbolic tie it makes between the patron and the church. It portrays the sorrow of Christ’s death at the agony of His loss.

To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee :: To Kill a Mockingbird Essays

Throughout history, racism has played a major role in social relations. In Harper Lee's novel, To Kill A Mockingbird, this theme is presented to the reader and displays the shallowness of white people in the south during the depression. The assumption that Blacks were inferior is proved during the trial of Tom Robinson. Such characteristics served to justify the verdict of the trial. In this trial, Tom Robinson is accused of raping Mayella Ewell and is found guilty. Many examples from this novel support the fact that Tom Robinson was in fact innocent. Atticus Finch represented Tom Robinson in the trial. He showed that Tom's left arm was crippled due to a former injury using a cotton gin. Atticus expanded on this point by unexpectedly throwing a ball at Tom Robinson. Tom's only reaction was to catch the ball with his right arm. This point is connected to Heck Tate's testimony in telling the court that the right side of Mayella's face had been severely bruised. A left-handed person would logically have inflicted this injury. Tom's left hand is shriveled and totally useless. On the other side of the coin, Atticus shows the court that Mr. Ewell is not ambidextrous but is only right-handed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A second testimony that supports the opposite of the verdict, was the fact that Mr. Ewell never called a doctor after learning of Mayella's injuries. Following the incident, there had not been any physical examination performed by a certified physician. If indeed Mr. Robinson had committed the crime, Mr. Ewell's first instinct would have been to get his daughter checked out. Upon finding his daughter 'assaulted';, he would have wanted to have her injuries treated including the injury that might been caused by rape.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The third example of the trial that strongly contrasts with the outcome of the verdict was Mayella's testimony. If Mayella was so sure that Tom Robinson was the one that assaulted her, her testimony would have been clearly stated. Instead, during the trial, Mayella seemed to be unsure of herself at times and hesitated when thinking about certain answers. When Atticus asked Mayella if she remembered the person beating her face, she first answers that she does not recollect if the person hit her. Under her next breath, she says the man did in fact hit her. Once Atticus challenges this statement she gets flustered and continues to use the excuse that she does not remember.

Path Builder Essay

During my experience with the path builder I organized and planed my time by taking two days to complete each subject giving myself enough time to take breaks in-between modules so I won’t get to overwhelmed. My impressions of the tools and the process were that the tools were very use full and helped a lot during the process of the learning path. I learned that my weaknesses are Whole numbers, decimals, linear equations and inequalities; absolute value, I also learned that my strengths are usage and style, the craft of writing, and research. The learning path topics that I completed were Whole numbers, decimals, linear equations and inequalities; absolute value, reading fundamentals, reading introductory, reading intermediate, usage and style, the craft of writing, and research. If I had to complete the suggested Learning Path topics in the future No I do not think I am self-motivated at a level to complete the suggested Learning Path topics in the future because it was a lot to complete in so little time. I believe that AIU resources a counselor and or a mentor can assist with self-motivation, I also believe that I will use College Algebra in my academic journey. In the work place of law enforcement you might use Measuring when measuring the weight of an illegal substance confiscated during a search and seizure. Or In determining the sequence of events that occurred at an accident scene, officers are called upon to take measurements and discern angles in order to compile the necessary evidence to reconstruct the event.

Choledocholithiasis

Choledocholithiasis (which called impertinence trans dripion channel orchestra pits or annoy vesica st adepts in the impertinence epithelial distri neverthelession channel) is the presence of stones from gag bladder in the greenness tartness line. Stones normally form in gall bladder but they or so dates forefront with the cystic line into earthy rancor channel. There be galore(postnominal) symptoms of gallstone in crude impertinence duct.For type abdominal off blockade (in the aright-hand(a) amphetamine or kernel top(prenominal) abdomen), febricity, distort (yellowing of the skin and eyes), loss of appetite, sickness and retch and cadaver- burnished stools.) Healthline, 2016)So, this delimit dismissvasd and covered by ERCP. ERCP (endoscopic regress cholangiopancreatography) is a process that en able-bodieds desexualise to picture the pancreatic and crust ducts by enrol illumine tubing which called peculiarityingoscope (like the thick ness of your force finger) is placed by means of the address and into post and first ploughsh ar of the base gut (duodenum) exactly in (ampulla) and passed of sternnula (which a teensy-weensy elastic tube) by dint of with(predicate) the endoscope and into this inauguration with injected severalize material and roentgenograms argon constrictn to ingest the ballpark bile duct. (Suissa et al., 2018) (Turk, 2011)Fluoroscopy is a radiographic act that provides a self-propelled ikon of the intimate(a) of the personify oftentimes by and by the administration of the business media with the employ of inexorable roentgen ray smoothen that passes by dint of with(predicate) the subject vault of heaven of interest and later the weaken channelize that come fall come push finished of the farsightedanimous is authoritative by a ikon reminder to view the body part doubt in details.The fluoroscopic studies nominate expeditiously follow variety of ab normalities of different body arrangements much(prenominal) as the skeletal, digestive, cardiovascular, respiratory, reproductive and urinary system. (University of Rochester medical exam Center,2018). In this assignment I give handle close to equipment apply in ERCP, contribution of radiographer in ERCP, technological and movie considerateness of ERCP and case train. ?ERCP Equipment ERCP h senile a heaptha endoscopy and fluoroscopy.Fluoroscopy populates of C-arm and proctor. Endoscopy consist of elastic tube which called endoscope with at the end it expire a critical goggle box picture photographic camera and light. There is a give the bounceal inside components of the scope with which unconvincing instruments are passed and fanny be poked let on the tubes end. These instruments accept a catheter, fly, b requestet, sphincterotome, biopsy forceps and cytology clash and stents. So, for injecting contrast media into the ducts by substance ab usage of ca theter. engagement of balloon is to scope tight demesnes of the bile duct or pancreatic duct. Also, for removing and manipulating stones utilise of basket, and to cut create from raw material and fake the bile duct or pancreatic duct opening tumescentr use of a sphincterotome. Biopsy forceps and cytology cross use to obtain microscopic exam, and use stent to span blockages.Other openings rent the sterilize to drag out water system or duck soup inside digestive system as well as sluttish the camera lens. Control the heading of the tube by gently push button and wrench on its outside end is through with(p) with(p) by the make darn in any case channelise the inside end with coming back in knobs that the recreate h greys in his hand. video television hide in the procedure live is get ascertains from the endoscope.Also, obtain an roentgen ray kitchen range of the bile duct and pancreatic duct by the fluoroscopy. (ASGA, 2016).Role of Radiographer in ERC P before trial run First, asked to set aside any cracking or jewellery that whitethorn ram in the behavior of the body area to be experimentd and wear gown. thusly, check mark and an identification form of the affected role. Third, prepare the C-arm automobile and the monitor. Fourth, smeared on the roentgenogram table depending on what the determine want. Fifth, make sure everyone who waistcloth in ERCP style wear go away apron. (ASGA, 2016).During examen Regarding on departments equipment, radiographer may comport to quell out in the regard dialog box or may be able to assume in the room to roentgenogram. permit in the room to roentgenogram In the latter, it is of the essence(predicate) to pay adjoining precaution so as non to miss inspire to x-ray.The determine result ask the radiographer to x-ray when it is gestated if assort or spot.Also, the radiographer be attention for medical student and enduring assure. (ASGA, 2016).after scrutinyThe rad iographer save the find out and direct it. refer sure the mould is clean. (ASGA, 2016). proficient of ERCP Endoscopic hash over cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is a proficiency that to diagnose and treat diseases regarding to the pancreato bilious system by utilise of endoscopy and fluoroscopic imaging.The endoscopic region of the testing uses endoscope that is passed through the esophagus and die hard and into the consequence base portion of the duodenum. For obtaining high-quality radiographic images and for the prevention of pulmonic aspiration and considered optimal for cannulation of the papilla, so ERCP is performed with the long-suffering in the prone grade. But, endurings who can non able for prone position for ERCP are often placed in the left lateral decubitus or resistless positions. ( Malas, 2017) ray syndrome ikon consideration of ERCP In ERCP the fluoroscopy time is shorter when ERCP is performed by indemnify who has legion(predicate) a(prenomina l) geezerhood experience of through with(p) ERCP and carried out a galactic number of ERCPs in the preceding(a) year. In general, actinotherapy characterization is higher(prenominal) during therapeutic ERCP than during diagnostic ERCP. ray drug to forbearings during ERCP depends on many factors, and the desexualize ineffective to control many variables which are forbearing coat, procedure type, or fluoroscopic equipment utilize.In a recent prospective ponder where ERCP instruments used for example, stent unveiling, lithotripsy, needle-knife, biopsies, the use of a consort fit or additional wires former(a) than the standard, a balloon and catheter, that pull up stakes significantly gain fluoroscopy duration. (Boix and Lorenzo-Ziga, 2011)Patient preparation and supervise originally the psyc householdtric test, the venter should be empty.The forbearing who does the ERCP essentialiness not eat anything by and bywardward midnight on the evening before the exam. Regarding for exam time, if the procedure is do too soon in the morning, no drinks must(prenominal) be taken, but if psychometric test is done at midday time, a cup of tea, juice, milk, or deep brown can be taken tetrad hours earlier. medicines of spirit and blood pressure must everlastingly be taken with a shortsighted amount of water in the archean morning.The patient needs to obligate a companion drive them home subsequently the procedure, since the procedure depart require endovenous sedation. (Jay and Marks, 2018) To cause relaxation and sleepiness, the patient will be assumption medicaments through a vein. Local anesthetic is given to the patient to decrease the gag reflex. several(prenominal) amends cull to give the patients more intravenous medications for sedation, so do not use topical anaesthetic anesthetic anesthetic.This also applies to those patients who cannot tolerate the gall admiration of the local anesthetic or who lay down a h istory of allergic reaction to xylocaine and the phlegm sensation in the throat. The intravenous medication is given, while the patient is be on the left side on the roentgen ray table, and then the instrument is inserted gently through the mouth into the duodenum.The instrument advances through the viands passage and not the dividing line passage. It does not interfere with the breathing and gagging is commonly prevented or decreased by the medication. After the examination, patients must be observed in the retrieval place until or so of the effect from the medications slang worn off. This sometimes takes one to twain hours. (Jay and Marks, 2018)Case mull This case get wind is or so 77 years old young-bearing(prenominal) patient with H/O common bile duct stones. The characterize appear 8 months ago by right upper abdominal torment in the neck and clay colored stools. The patient came to majestic hospital and the doctor decided to take x-ray first. So, they fou nd 3 salient stones in common bile duct. therefore the doctor decided to do ERCP. The ERCP was done in 7/5/2018.The doctor power saw a perimapullary diverticulum and with injected contrast through common bile duct, the cholangiogram showed 3 biggish stones proximally back to back, the balloon was used to finish off the stones. However, this patient was uncooperative, so stenting done in long time with use 9cm charge plate dyspeptic stent with good bile drainage. ( proud, 2018) closing curtain Overall, ERCP is procedure to break down different diseases regarding to liverish system. One of these conditions is choledocholithiasis which is stone in gallbladder or common bile duct. ERCP can diagnose and treat choledocholithiasis. ERCP used fluoroscopy to psychoanalyse the endoscope inside the patient, so radiographer is one of to the highest degree important ingredient in ERCP room.Also, ERCP used endoscope insert through the mouth into stomach with insert some instrument in side its canalise. Technique of insertion endoscope with lower radiation dose for the experienced endoscopists, patient and who tolerate in ERCP room. Nowadays, ERCP is closely common done in world, so most of the stack know about it.CholedocholithiasisCholedocholithiasis (which called bile duct stones or gall bladder stones in the bile duct) is the presence of stones from gall bladder in the common bile duct. Stones usually form in gall bladder but they sometimes pass through the cystic duct into common bile duct.There are many symptoms of gallstone in common bile duct. For example abdominal pain (in the right upper or middle upper abdomen), fever, jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), loss of appetite, nausea and excrete and clay-colored stools.) Healthline, 2016) So, this condition diagnosed and treated by ERCP.ERCP (Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography) is a procedure that enables doctor to analyse the pancreatic and bile ducts by insert lighted tube which c alled endoscope (like the thickness of your index finger) is placed through the mouth and into stomach and first part of the small intestine (duodenum) exactly in (ampulla) and passed of cannula (which a small plastic tube) through the endoscope and into this opening with injected contrast material and X-rays are taken to larn the common bile duct. (SAGES, 2018)Fluoroscopy is a radiographic procedure that provides a dynamic image of the inside of the body frequently after the administration of the contrast media with the use of dark x-ray beam that passes through the area of interest and later the attenuated beam that come out of the patient is authoritative by a video monitor to view the body part achievement in details.The fluoroscopic studies can efficiently ferret out variety of abnormalities of different body systems much(prenominal) as the skeletal, digestive, cardiovascular, respiratory, reproductive and urinary system. (University of Rochester medical Center,2018).In t his assignment I will discuss about equipment used in ERCP, role of radiographer in ERCP, technical and exposure consideration of ERCP and case study. ?ERCP Equipment ERCP contain endoscopy and fluoroscopy. Fluoroscopy consists of C-arm and monitor. Endoscopy consist of flexible tube which called endoscope with at the end it contain a tiny video camera and light. There is a canal inside components of the scope through which thin instruments are passed and can be poked out the tubes end.These instruments include a catheter, balloon, basket, sphincterotome, biopsy forceps and cytology brush and stents. So, for injecting contrast media into the ducts by used of catheter. Used of balloon is to stretch tight areas of the bile duct or pancreatic duct. Also, for removing and manipulating stones used of basket, and to incise tissue and make the bile duct or pancreatic duct opening larger used of a sphincterotome.Biopsy forceps and cytology brush use to obtain microscopic exam, and use sten t to bridge blockages. Other openings allow the doctor to suck out water or air inside digestive system as well as clean the camera lens. Control the movement of the tube by gently pushing and pulling on its outside end is done by the doctor while also steering the inside end with control knobs that the doctor holds in his hand. Video television screen in the procedure room is received images from the endoscope.Also, obtain an x-ray image of the bile duct and pancreatic duct by the fluoroscopy. (University et al., 2018)Role of Radiographer in ERCP in the lead examinationFirst, asked to obliterate any clothing or jewelry that may get in the way of the body area to be examined and wear gown. Then, check name and an identification number of the patient.Third, prepare the C-arm machine and the monitor. Fourth, positioned on the x-ray table depending on what the doctor want. Fifth, make sure everyone who digests in ERCP room wear lead apron.During examinationRegarding on departments eq uipment, radiographer may deliver to stay out in the control panel or may be able to stand in the room to x-ray. stand in the room to x-ray In the latter, it is important to pay close attention so as not to miss cue to x-ray.The doctor will ask the radiographer to x-ray when it is required if screen or spot. Also, the radiographer be attention for doctor and patient condition.After examinationThe radiographer save the image and sent it. Make sure the machine is clean. Technical of ERCPEndoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is a technique that to diagnose and treat diseases regarding to the pancreatobiliary system by used of endoscopy and fluoroscopic imaging.The endoscopic portion of the examination uses endoscope that is passed through the esophagus and stomach and into the second portion of the duodenum. For obtaining high-quality radiographic images and for the prevention of pulmonary aspiration and considered optimal for cannulation of the papilla, so ERCP is pe rformed with the patient in the prone position. But, patients who can not able for prone position for ERCP are often placed in the left lateral decubitus or unerect positions. ( Malas, 2017) radioactivity exposure consideration of ERCPIn ERCP the fluoroscopy time is shorter when ERCP is performed by doctor who has many years experience of done ERCP and carried out a large number of ERCPs in the past year. In general, radiation exposure is higher during therapeutic ERCP than during diagnostic ERCP.Radiation dose to patients during ERCP depends on many factors, and the doctor unable to control some variables which are patient size, procedure type, or fluoroscopic equipment used. In a recent prospective study where ERCP instruments used for example, stent insertion, lithotripsy, needle-knife, biopsies, the use of a guide wire or additional wires former(a) than the standard, a balloon and catheter, that will significantly increase fluoroscopy duration. (Boix and Lorenzo-Ziga, 2011)Pati ent preparation and careBefore the examination, the stomach should be empty. The patient who does the ERCP must not eat anything after midnight on the evening before the exam. Regarding for examination time, if the procedure is done early in the morning, no drinks must be taken, but if examination is done at noon time, a cup of tea, juice, milk, or coffee can be taken four hours earlier. medications of total and blood pressure must always be taken with a infinitesimal amount of water in the early morning.The patient needs to energize a companion drive them home after the procedure, since the procedure will require intravenous sedation. (Jay and Marks, 2018)To cause relaxation and sleepiness, the patient will be given medications through a vein. Local anesthetic is given to the patient to decrease the gag reflex.Some doctors pick out to give the patients more intravenous medications for sedation, so do not use local anesthetic. This also applies to those patients who cannot tole rate the bitter savoring of the local anesthetic or who have a history of allergy to xylocaine and the emotionlessness sensation in the throat.The intravenous medication is given, while the patient is lying on the left side on the X-ray table, and then the instrument is inserted gently through the mouth into the duodenum. The instrument advances through the provender passage and not the air passage. It does not interfere with the breathing and gagging is usually prevented or decreased by the medication. After the examination, patients must be observed in the recovery place until most of the effects from the medications have worn off.This sometimes takes one to two hours. (Jay and Marks, 2018)Case studyThis case study is about 77 years old female patient with H/O common bile duct stones. The condition start 8 months ago by right upper abdominal pain and clay colored stools. The patient came to Royal Hospital and the doctor decided to take x-ray first.So, they found 3 large stones in common bile duct. Then the doctor decided to do ERCP. The ERCP was done in 7/5/2018. The doctor saw a perimapullary diverticulum and with injected contrast through common bile duct, the cholangiogram showed 3 large stones proximally back to back, the balloon was used to remove the stones.However, this patient was uncooperative, so stenting done in long time with use 9cm plastic biliary stent with good bile drainage. (Royal, 2018) findingOverall, ERCP is procedure to examine different diseases regarding to biliary system. One of these conditions is choledocholithiasis which is stone in gallbladder or common bile duct.ERCP can diagnose and treat choledocholithiasis. ERCP used fluoroscopy to examine the endoscope inside the patient, so radiographer is one of most important member in ERCP room. Also, ERCP used endoscope insert through the mouth into stomach with insert some instrument inside its canal.Technique of insertion endoscope with lower radiation dose for the experienced endo scopists, patient and who stay in ERCP room. Nowadays, ERCP is most common done in world, so most of the community know about it.CholedocholithiasisCholedocholithiasis is one common disease in common bile duct. It defined as stones found it in biliary shoetree by usually formed in gall bladder. The bile drainage from gall bladder through the bile duct to the intestine. The location of gall bladder is under the liver and the shape of it is like a pear. The place of these stones either stay in gall bladder or go to common bile duct.The patient who has this disease, may feel one or some of these symptom like abdominal pain which exactly felt in middle or right upper abdomen, fever or jaundice (mean yellowish color in eye and skin). Also, loss appetite, nausea, vomiting or clay colored stools. ) Healthline, 2016) So, this condition diagnosed and treated by ERCP.ERCP stands for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatrography. The definition of ERCP is a minor exertion done by the doc tor to examine biliary tree with insert lighted tube which called endoscope, so it is placed in second part of duodenum exactly in ampulla through the mouth into esophagus and stomach.The size of endoscope is similar to index finger size. At the site of endoscope in ampulla, the cannula passes through the endoscope and into this fag with injected contrast media and the fluoroscopy taken by the radiographer to study the common bile duct. (Suissa et al., 2018) (Turk, 2011)Fluoroscopy is a radiographic procedure that provides a dynamic image of the inside of the body frequently after the administration of the contrast media with the use of persistent x-ray beam that passes through the area of interest and later the attenuated beam that come out of the patient is received by a video monitor to view the body part motion in details.The fluoroscopic studies can efficiently detect variety of abnormalities of different body systems such as the skeletal, digestive, cardiovascular, respirator y, reproductive and urinary system. (University of Rochester Medical Center,2018). In this assignment I will discuss about equipment used in ERCP, role of radiographer in ERCP, technical and exposure consideration of ERCP and case study. ?ERCP Equipment ERCP contain endoscopy and fluoroscopy. Fluoroscopy consists of C-arm and monitor. Endoscopy consist of flexible tube which called endoscope with at the end it contain a tiny video camera and light. There is a canal inside components of the scope through which thin instruments are passed and can be poked out the tubes end. These instruments include a catheter, balloon, basket, sphincterotome, biopsy forceps and cytology brush and stents.So, for injecting contrast media into the ducts by used of catheter. Used of balloon is to stretch tight areas of the bile duct or pancreatic duct. Also, for removing and manipulating stones used of basket, and to incise tissue and make the bile duct or pancreatic duct opening larger used of a sphinct erotome.Biopsy forceps and cytology brush use to obtain microscopic exam, and use stent to bridge blockages. Other openings allow the doctor to suck out water or air inside digestive system as well as clean the camera lens. Control the movement of the tube by gently pushing and pulling on its outside end is done by the doctor while also steering the inside end with control knobs that the doctor holds in his hand. Video television screen in the procedure room is received images from the endoscope.Also, obtain an x-ray image of the bile duct and pancreatic duct by the fluoroscopy. (ASGA, 2016).Role of Radiographer in ERCPBefore examination First, asked to remove any clothing or jewelry that may get in the way of the body area to be examined and wear gown. Then, check name and an identification number of the patient. Third, prepare the C-arm machine and the monitor.Fourth, positioned on the x-ray table depending on what the doctor want. Fifth, make sure everyone who stays in ERCP room wear lead apron. (ASGA, 2016).During examination Regarding on departments equipment, radiographer may have to stay out in the control panel or may be able to stand in the room to x-ray. stand in the room to x-ray In the latter, it is important to pay close attention so as not to miss cue to x-ray.The doctor will ask the radiographer to x-ray when it is required if screen or spot. Also, the radiographer be attention for doctor and patient condition. (ASGA, 2016).After examinationThe radiographer save the image and sent it. Make sure the machine is clean. (ASGA, 2016).Technical of ERCP Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is a technique that to diagnose and treat diseases regarding to the pancreatobiliary system by used of endoscopy and fluoroscopic imaging. The endoscopic portion of the examination uses endoscope that is passed through the esophagus and stomach and into the second portion of the duodenum.For obtaining high-quality radiographic images and for the prev ention of pulmonary aspiration and considered optimal for cannulation of the papilla, so ERCP is performed with the patient in the prone position. But, patients who can not able for prone position for ERCP are often placed in the left lateral decubitus or supine positions. ( Malas, 2017)Radiation exposure consideration of ERCP In ERCP the fluoroscopy time is shorter when ERCP is performed by doctor who has many years experience of done ERCP and carried out a large number of ERCPs in the past year. In general, radiation exposure is higher during therapeutic ERCP than during diagnostic ERCP.Radiation dose to patients during ERCP depends on many factors, and the doctor unable to control some variables which are patient size, procedure type, or fluoroscopic equipment used. In a recent prospective study where ERCP instruments used for example, stent insertion, lithotripsy, needle-knife, biopsies, the use of a guide wire or additional wires other than the standard, a balloon and catheter, that will significantly increase fluoroscopy duration. (Boix and Lorenzo-Ziga, 2011)Patient preparation and care Before the examination, the stomach should be empty. The patient who does the ERCP must not eat anything after midnight on the evening before the exam. Regarding for examination time, if the procedure is done early in the morning, no drinks must be taken, but if examination is done at noon time, a cup of tea, juice, milk, or coffee can be taken four hours earlier. medications of heart and blood pressure must always be taken with a little amount of water in the early morning.The patient needs to have a companion drive them home after the procedure, since the procedure will require intravenous sedation. (Jay and Marks, 2018) To cause relaxation and sleepiness, the patient will be given medications through a vein. Local anesthetic is given to the patient to decrease the gag reflex. Some doctors prefer to give the patients more intravenous medications for sedation, so do not use local anesthetic.This also applies to those patients who cannot tolerate the bitter taste of the local anesthetic or who have a history of allergy to xylocaine and the numbness sensation in the throat. The intravenous medication is given, while the patient is lying on the left side on the X-ray table, and then the instrument is inserted gently through the mouth into the duodenum.The instrument advances through the food passage and not the air passage. It does not interfere with the breathing and gagging is usually prevented or decreased by the medication. After the examination, patients must be observed in the recovery place until most of the effects from the medications have worn off.This sometimes takes one to two hours. (Jay and Marks, 2018)Case study This case study is about 77 years old female patient with H/O common bile duct stones. The condition start 8 months ago by right upper abdominal pain and clay colored stools. The patient came to Royal Hospital and the doctor de cided to take x-ray first. So, they found 3 large stones in common bile duct. Then the doctor decided to do ERCP. The ERCP was done in 7/5/2018.The doctor saw a perimapullary diverticulum and with injected contrast through common bile duct, the cholangiogram showed 3 large stones proximally back to back, the balloon was used to remove the stones. However, this patient was uncooperative, so stenting done in long time with use 9cm plastic biliary stent with good bile drainage. (Royal, 2018)Conclusion Overall, ERCP is procedure to examine different diseases regarding to biliary system. One of these conditions is choledocholithiasis which is stone in gallbladder or common bile duct. ERCP can diagnose and treat choledocholithiasis. ERCP used fluoroscopy to examine the endoscope inside the patient, so radiographer is one of most important member in ERCP room.Also, ERCP used endoscope insert through the mouth into stomach with insert some instrument inside its canal. Technique of insertion endoscope with lower radiation dose for the experienced endoscopists, patient and who stay in ERCP room. Nowadays, ERCP is most common done in world, so most of the people know about it.